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Policy Project
The Step Two Policy Project is a policy think tank that focuses on issues involving health, behavioral health, and human services in New York. Our goal is to make complicated subjects more understandable to general readers, while providing detailed insights for people who work in the health policy field.
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Emergency Medical Services in New York and the Potential of Leveraging Artificial Intelligence
Issue Brief by Sally Dreslin PDF Available: Introduction The use of artificial intelligence (AI) has rapidly expanded across industries in recent years, transforming operations, decision-making processes, and user experiences. From automation and predictive analytics to generative models produced by OpenAI, Google, and Anthropic, among others, enterprises across sectors are increasingly utilizing AI to gain efficiency and pursue innovation. In healthcare, some examples of are

Sally Dreslin
Apr 6


Behavioral Health under Managed Care in New York Medicaid
This Issue Brief examines the issues related to the inclusion of outpatient behavioral health services under managed care.

Adrienne Anderson
Mar 25


Dental Care for Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities in New York State
Oral health is a core component of overall health, with population-level gains driven largely by preventive public health interventions. As this is the Step Two Policy Project’s first publication focused exclusively on oral health, this Issue Brief begins with an overview of dental care delivery in Part I, then turns to the challenges facing individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) in Part II.

Adrienne Anderson
Feb 23


Preserving Maternity Services in Rural New York
This Issue Brief provides background information on maternity services in rural areas of New York and examines rural-tailored strategies, including care delivery and payment models that have evolved in the state. This paper also examines a new delivery model set to be piloted in California that may serve as a roadmap for preserving maternity services and improving access to perinatal care in rural New York.

Sally Dreslin
Feb 4


The Affordable Care Act at the Brink – Part II: Evaluating the HSA Construct
Time will tell whether the Democratic strategy of holding out for a clean extension of the enhanced PTCs will be successful. Engaging with the Senate on the HSA construct as reflected in the Crapo/Kennedy Senate Bill could give Democrats a better opportunity to reshape aspects of the bill in order to mitigate the areas of greatest concern, while improving the chances that the country does not take a giant step backwards in terms of the total level of federal subsidies for hea

Paul Francis and Adrienne Anderson
Dec 29, 2025


The Affordable Care Act at the Brink
The purpose of this Issue Brief is to clarify the terms of debate about the enhanced PTCs and the future of the ACA. We will supplement this paper as the enhanced PTC debate evolves in Congress.

Paul Francis and Adrienne Anderson
Dec 9, 2025


How Many New Yorkers Will Become Uninsured Due to the One Big Beautiful Bill Act?
We expect that loss of coverage under Medicaid due to new work requirements and redetermination rules, and loss of coverage of non-citizens under the Essential Plan, may well be less than predicted.

Paul Francis and Adrienne Anderson
Nov 12, 2025


Creating a Healthcare-Focused Artificial Intelligence Public-Private Platform for New York State
This paper proposes establishing a healthcare-focused, AI public-private platform to enable broader access to AI’s benefits in patient care, outcomes, and operational efficiency, and to help close the technological divide among healthcare entities.

Sally Dreslin
Oct 15, 2025


The Importance of Immigrants in New York’s Healthcare Workforce
The intersection of recent federal healthcare and immigration policy changes will have a significant impact not only on the recipients of government-funded healthcare services and on non-U.S. citizens residing in New York, but also on the immigrants who comprise New York’s healthcare workforce.

Sally Dreslin
Aug 4, 2025


The Law and Practice of Assisted Outpatient Treatment, Involuntary Removal, and Involuntary Admission in New York State
Together, court-mandated outpatient treatment and involuntary removal and hospitalization represent a safety net for individuals who fall through the cracks in the system of voluntary care, often cycling through hospitals, jails, and shelters.

Adrienne Anderson
Jul 7, 2025


Linking School-Based Health Services and Community Schools to Address the Needs of Students and Families
Community Schools represent an integrated educational approach designed to transform traditional schools into community hubs by offering comprehensive services and supports to students and their families. Linking school-based health services and Community Schools is a low-barrier, high-impact approach to improving educational and health outcomes for students, and to better engaging families and the surrounding community in supporting student success.

Sally Dreslin & Adrienne Anderson
Apr 24, 2025


Democratization of Analysis: An Exercise in Accessing and Visualizing New York Health Data
This paper and the related recent data exercise illustrate the resources that could be developed from existing health delivery system data.

Step Two Policy Project
Mar 11, 2025


Reforming Care Management for Adults with Behavioral Health Needs in New York Medicaid
The purpose of this Brief is to describe the existing care management infrastructure in New York and trace its evolution.

Adrienne Anderson
Jan 22, 2025


The Future of School-Based Health Centers in New York
School-Based Health Centers (SBHCs) represent a relatively small but important component of the healthcare safety net in New York.

Sally Dreslin
Dec 19, 2024


(Part 2 of 2) Healthcare in Rural New York: Current Challenges and Solutions for Improving Outcomes
Accompanied by the Disparities in Rural and Urban Mortality: New York State Chartbook by Adrienne Anderson Policy Brief: Chartbook:...

Sally Dreslin
Oct 2, 2024


(Part 1 of 2) Healthcare in Rural New York: Current Challenges and Solutions for Improving Outcomes
In this Policy Brief, we examine some of the wide-ranging health challenges that New York’s rural communities are facing...

Sally Dreslin
Oct 2, 2024


State Healthcare Cost Growth Benchmarks
This paper discusses a strategy that a growing number of states are pursuing to constrain growth in healthcare costs...

Adrienne Anderson
Jun 27, 2024


An Inflection Point for Health Information Exchange in New York
Health Data and Information Series #3 Introduction Health information exchange (HIE) is already an indispensable part of the healthcare...

Sally Dreslin
May 1, 2024


An Analysis of the FY 25 Executive Budget and Legislative Proposals for Financially Distressed Hospitals
Funding for financially distressed hospitals is one of the two “burning houses” in the FY 25 Health budget...

Paul Francis
Mar 14, 2024


A Review of the Managed Long-Term Care Issues in the FY 25 Executive Budget
Governor Kathy Hochul introduced her Executive Budget for State fiscal year 2024-25 (FY 25) on January 16, 2024...

Paul Francis with Sally Dreslin and Adrienne Anderson
Feb 21, 2024
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