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Policy Project
The Step Two Policy Project is a policy think tank that focuses on issues involving health, behavioral health, and human services in New York. Our goal is to make complicated subjects more understandable to general readers, while providing detailed insights for people who work in the health policy field.
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Back to School
The Back to School season led me to ponder a public policy paradox that has interested me for some time. That paradox is the divergent trajectories of the healthcare sector and the education sector in the United States over the last several decades – especially in the last decade. Healthcare and education arguably are the two most important sectors in American life: both sectors engage nearly every American at some point in their lives, are massive in size, and...

Paul Francis
Sep 8, 2025


What Happened? And What’s Next?
From the standpoint of healthcare in New York State, which is the principal preoccupation of the Step Two Policy Project, the passage into law of the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) on July 4, 2025, was highly consequential. What comes next for healthcare in New York is still a puzzle that policymakers and stakeholders are now beginning to confront.

Paul Francis
Jul 24, 2025


Letter from London
There is an old saw that the United States and Great Britain are “two great countries divided by a common language.”

Paul Francis
Jan 7, 2025


It Is Always Darkest Before the Dawn
At the outset of the Chinese Cultural Revolution, Chairman Mao reportedly said, “It is always darkest before it becomes totally black.”

Paul Francis
Nov 12, 2024


Year Two for the Step Two Policy Project
We have begun Year Two of the Step Two Policy Project. ...

Paul Francis
Nov 4, 2024


Rural Healthcare in New York
To be successful, New York’s health policies need to support the unique needs of rural communities.

Paul Francis
Oct 4, 2024


The Dog That Didn’t Bark: the House Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic
This Commentary builds on two others regarding the controversy about the Cuomo administration’s nursing home policies during Covid-19.

Paul Francis
Sep 16, 2024


Debunking the Empire Center Analysis Attributing Nursing Home Covid-19 Deaths to DOH Policy
There are two important facts that help account for why these transfers did not measurably increase deaths of nursing home residents ...

Paul Francis
Sep 7, 2024


Re-Examining the Cuomo Administration’s Nursing Home Policies During Covid-19
Four-and-a-half years after the Covid-19 pandemic began, people are still reckoning with nursing home policy decisions made by NYS officials

Paul Francis
Sep 4, 2024


The Medical Indemnity Fund and the Price of Good Intentions
The principal focus of this paper is the Medical Indemnity Fund , which was created in 2011 as part of the Medicaid Redesign Team...

Paul Francis
Aug 7, 2024


Fiscal Frameworks for New York State Government
By “fiscal frameworks,” I’m referring to two different types of frameworks...

Paul Francis
May 7, 2024


Transparency and Openness in Government and Public Policy
...this Commentary is more of a rumination about the challenges of creating not only transparency but “openness”...

Paul Francis
Apr 7, 2024


California Dreaming and the MCO Tax - Addendum
The purposes of this Addendum to my March 19 Commentary titled California Dreaming and the MCO Tax are to ...

Paul Francis
Mar 25, 2024


California Dreaming and the MCO Tax
The Health section of the one-house budgets the Senate and Assembly released last week upended the usual pattern.

Paul Francis
Mar 18, 2024


Analyzing Complex Public Policy Issues
I want to use the analysis of this proposal as an example to describe the process of analyzing complex public policy issues.

Paul Francis
Feb 21, 2024


The Dynamics of the New York State Budget Process
What I want to talk about today is the dynamics of the Budget process...

Paul Francis
Feb 6, 2024


Over-Engineering Against Risk
Governor Kathy Hochul presented the FY 25 Executive Budget for State fiscal year 2024-25 on Tuesday in Albany.

Paul Francis
Jan 31, 2024


The Affordability of Healthcare in New York
Governor Kathy Hochul presented the FY 25 Executive Budget for State fiscal year 2024-25 on Tuesday in Albany.

Paul Francis
Jan 19, 2024


Commentary #4: Week of January 8th, 2024
In the Health sector, the most significant announcement in the SOS was that the State has received approval from CMS of its 1115 waiver...

Paul Francis
Jan 12, 2024


Commentary #3: Week of December 25th, 2023
We think it’s important to understand the background of the increasing numbers of financially distressed hospitals in New York...

Paul Francis
Dec 29, 2023
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